Ecology and environment - Dec 21, 2012 · For example, many questions concerned the dynamics of environmental change and complex ecosystem interactions, as well as the interaction between ecology and evolution. The questions reveal a dynamic science with novel subfields emerging.

 
Special Issue on the Application of Spatial Statistics to Agriculture, Ecology, and the Environment (to be continued in Volume 14:2), Guest Editor: N. Scott Urquhart. Volume 13 March - December 2006. December 2006, issue 4. Special Institutional Thematic Issue: Penn State Cross-Disciplinary Classroom in Statistical Ecology and Environmental .... Gandb energy

Forest Ecology Books. Forest ecology is the branch of ecology dedicated to the preservation of forests, which is where the figure of the forester arises, who is a person trained in this area to exercise due care of the entire environment, including plants, fruits and wild animals. Energy, Ecology and Environment. Editors. Editors. Editor-in-Chief Bin Chen, Beijing Normal University, China Associate Editor Pietro Bartocci, University of Perugia ... Energy, Ecology and Environment articles are published open access under a CC BY licence (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence). The CC BY licence is the most open licence available and considered the industry 'gold standard' for open access; it is also preferred by many funders.Apr 7, 2020 · Ecology is the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them. The term ecology was first coined in 1869 by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel. It has been derived from two Greek words, ‘Oikos’, meaning home or estate, and ‘logos’ meaning study. As the global human population continues to grow, so too does our impact on the environment. The ingenuity with which our species has harnessed natural resources to fulfill our needs is dazzling. Even as we tighten our grip on the environment, however, the escalating extent of anthropogenic actions destabilizes long-standing ecological balances ...Nov 1, 2022 · Ecology is the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them. An ecologist studies the relationship between living things and their habitats. In order to learn about the natural world, ecologists must study multiple aspects of life ranging from the moss that grows on rocks to the wolf population in the United States' Yellowstone National Park. Special Issue on the Application of Spatial Statistics to Agriculture, Ecology, and the Environment (to be continued in Volume 14:2), Guest Editor: N. Scott Urquhart. Volume 13 March - December 2006. December 2006, issue 4. Special Institutional Thematic Issue: Penn State Cross-Disciplinary Classroom in Statistical Ecology and Environmental ... 1970: Ecology and Environment (E & E) is incorporated in New York. 1974: E & E lands its first major federal contract to work on Trans-Alaskan pipeline. 1980: Superfund legislation is enacted, providing E & E with a major source of federal contracts. 1987: E & E makes public offering of stock. 1999: E & E diversifies by buying shrimp farm and ...Ecology is a subject which studies the interactions among organisms and between the organism and its physical (abiotic) environment. Ecology is basically concerned with four levels of biological organisation – organisms, populations, communities and biomes. We have to focus on the first two levels of biological organisation in this chapter of ...The average Ecology and Environment salary ranges from approximately $60,751 per year for an Environmental Specialist to $74,405 per year for an Environmental Engineer. The average Ecology and Environment hourly pay ranges from approximately $31 per hour for an Environmental Scientist to $31 per hour for an Environmental Scientist. Ecology and ...Ecology. Tropical Forest: Vertical stratification with trees in canopy blocking light to bottom strata. Many trees covered by epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants). Desert: Sparse rainfall (< 30 cm per year), plants and animals adapted for water storage and conservation.We help our clients optimize the use and reuse of water while protecting water resources, and the natural environment, to support a sustainable, water-secure future for all. Energy We offer complete solutions to clients looking for strong expertise in power, renewables, energy efficiency, as well as in mining and other resources, to accelerate ...Environment is the immediate surrounding of living organisms while ecology is the study of living organisms in their environments. The Environment and Ecology quiz below assesses these two topics as one.Environmental science seeks to protect both human beings and the environment from negative factors such as climate change and pollution, and other things. Ecology. Ecology seeks to understand how ecosystems develop, how humans can have a negative impact on those ecosystems. Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms ...Ecology and Environment, Inc. (E & E) is a full-service environmental consulting firm employing professionals in scientific, engineering, and planning disciplines who work collaboratively with clients to develop technically sound, science-based solutions to the leading environmental challenges of our time.Ecology (from Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos) 'house', and -λογία ( -logía) 'study of') [A] is the study of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere level.Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and their surroundings. It seeks to understand the relationships between living things and the physical world they inhabit, including the effects of pollution, climate change, and other environmental factors.On the other hand, the environment is the physical, chemical, and biological components of the natural world that surround us.Ecology is the study of the relationship between living things and their environment. Simply put, ecology can be defined as the way in which living things interact with their surroundings. You can choose ecology topics for your assignment if you are a science student. Usually, to write a great ecology research paper, a good topic is needed the ...Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to understand the vital connections between plants and animals and the world around them. Ecology also provides information about the benefits of ecosystems and how we can use Earth’s resources in ways that leave the ...Ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. These relationships are complex, varied and hierarchical. The word ‘ecology’ was first used by ...The objectives of the course is to introduce and sensitize all BTech students to the issue of ecology, environment and sustainability. The lectures are aimed at posing various questions that are relevant for all students of engineering and management to incorporate sustainability and a sensitivity to ecology and environment in their design of products, processes and systems.Knowing Ecology vs Environment will become easier if we understand ecology meaning and environment meaning. Ecology is a study of the biosphere, whereas ecosystems are created by the interconnections between the living organisms and the physical environments they inhabit which can be water, land, or air.Ecology and Environment, Inc. (E & E) is a full-service environmental consulting firm employing professionals in scientific, engineering, and planning disciplines who work collaboratively with clients to develop technically sound, science-based solutions to the leading environmental challenges of our time.1970: Ecology and Environment (E & E) is incorporated in New York. 1974: E & E lands its first major federal contract to work on Trans-Alaskan pipeline. 1980: Superfund legislation is enacted, providing E & E with a major source of federal contracts. 1987: E & E makes public offering of stock. 1999: E & E diversifies by buying shrimp farm and ... Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on humans’ impact on the environment. It includes the studies of biology, geology, meteorology, chemistry, physics, and ecology. Environmental science seeks to protect both human beings and the environment from negative factors such as climate change and pollution.Aug 14, 2012 · Ecology and Evolution. Ecology and Evolution is a broad open access journal welcoming all research in ecology, evolution, and conservation science. We are an author-friendly journal, providing a forum for evidence-based views. This means we aim to review all submissions, and look for reasons to publish, not reject. 1970: Ecology and Environment (E & E) is incorporated in New York. 1974: E & E lands its first major federal contract to work on Trans-Alaskan pipeline. 1980: Superfund legislation is enacted, providing E & E with a major source of federal contracts. 1987: E & E makes public offering of stock. 1999: E & E diversifies by buying shrimp farm and ...Population Growth. Ecology is the study of the interaction of organisms in an area with the surrounding environment. This interaction constitutes an overall adaptation of the organisms to their environment which also includes the continuity of species. However, the availability of organisms in an area is dependent on the type of environment.In this video we look at a few keys words that you will come across throughout ecology. An ecosystem is made up of all of the communities that live in it, ev...Nov 1, 2022 · Ecology is the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them. An ecologist studies the relationship between living things and their habitats. In order to learn about the natural world, ecologists must study multiple aspects of life ranging from the moss that grows on rocks to the wolf population in the United States' Yellowstone National Park. The module has three main components: 1. An intensive science communication workshop focusing on interactions with the print and broadcast media; 2. A poster presentation, where students design and produce a poster to communicate their research project to a target audience (e.g. general public, research audience); 3.NATURE, ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT Concept 1.0 Objective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Evolution of human being 1.3 Ecology 1.4 Environment 1.5 Types of Environment 1.6 Summary 1.7 Reference 1.8 Questions 1.0 OBJECTIVES 1) To make the students aware of the meaning of environment and its relationship with society.Environmental science seeks to protect both human beings and the environment from negative factors such as climate change and pollution, and other things. Ecology. Ecology seeks to understand how ecosystems develop, how humans can have a negative impact on those ecosystems. Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms ...The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the images in Figure (s) 1a, 1b and 1c. The participant has consented to the submission of the case report to the journal. Patients signed informed consent regarding publishing their data and photographs. Knowing Ecology vs Environment will become easier if we understand ecology meaning and environment meaning. Ecology is a study of the biosphere, whereas ecosystems are created by the interconnections between the living organisms and the physical environments they inhabit which can be water, land, or air.BA or BS degree in biology or related field with college courses in Statistics and upper-level Ecology with minimum grade of B, completed prior to the student’s first fall in the program. Program goals include: Improving student understanding of biology, particularly concepts in ecology, evolution, conservation, wildlife, and/or fisheries.Ecology is the study of organisms, the environment and how the organisms interact with each other and their environment. It is studied at various levels, such as organism, population, community, biosphere and ecosystem. An ecologist’s primary goal is to improve their understanding of life processes, adaptations and habitats, interactions and ... Dec 8, 2016 · Ecology Definition. Ecology is the branch of biology that studies how organisms interact with their environment and other organisms. Every organism experiences complex relationships with other organisms of its species, and organisms of different species. These complex interactions lead to different selective pressures on organisms. For example, many questions concerned the dynamics of environmental change and complex ecosystem interactions, as well as the interaction between ecology and evolution. The questions reveal a dynamic science with novel subfields emerging.Unit: 9Ecology and EnvironmentLiving in a Red wood Tree Notes PDF. A. The words/phrases in the box are from the text. Check their meanings in a dictionary and use these words to complete the given sentences. a. Logging is one of the main reasons behind the rapid deforestation in the world. b.That's one example of how the pandemic should be a ...Special Issues. Known for clearly articulated, novel research, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment publishes interdisciplinary, problem-oriented articles. Our applied, integrated science addresses current and emerging ecological and environmental issues. Our authors’ experience matters to us, and we provide personalized attention to ...The field of environment and ecology includes subjects such as environmental health, environmental monitoring and management, and climate change. The study of the environment and ecology deals ...Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. Editor-in-Chief: Richard L. Wallace JOURNAL METRICS > Online ISSN: 1540-9309. Navigation Bar Menu Home. Home; About. Ecology is the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them. An ecologist studies the relationship between living things and their habitats. In order to learn about the natural world, ecologists must study multiple aspects of life ranging from the moss that grows on rocks to the wolf population in the United States' Yellowstone National Park.Ecology refers to the scientific study of the interactions due to which the determination of the distribution of organisms in our natural environment takes place. We can say that there is a close relationship between ecology and the environment. Ecology depends on four bio-organisational levels – ecosystem, community, population, and organismal. Jul 7, 2021 · 5. Environmental Consultant. This ecology career is less about a certain living organism and more about reducing the impact of actions on the environment. You might consult for a company looking to reduce its water pollution, for instance. Companies also hire environmental consultants to address issues related to air quality and waste management. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has been used in research relevant to fish ecology such as species diversity and conservation studies, threatened and invasive species monitoring, and analyses of population structure and distribution. How to choose the optimal laboratory protocols on the basis of the research targets is the first question to be considered when conducting an eDNA study. In this review ...Jul 22, 2023 · Ecology is the study of the relationship between living things and their environment. Simply put, ecology can be defined as the way in which living things interact with their surroundings. You can choose ecology topics for your assignment if you are a science student. Usually, to write a great ecology research paper, a good topic is needed the ... ecology, also called bioecology, bionomics, or environmental biology, study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Some of the most pressing problems in human affairs—expanding populations, food scarcities, environmental pollution including global warming, extinctions of plant and animal species, and all the attendant ...Environmental science seeks to protect both human beings and the environment from negative factors such as climate change and pollution, and other things. Ecology. Ecology seeks to understand how ecosystems develop, how humans can have a negative impact on those ecosystems. Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms ...About Ecology and Environment Inc. E & E is a global network of innovators and problem solvers, dedicated professionals and industry leaders in scientific, engineering, and planning disciplines ...NATURE, ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT Concept 1.0 Objective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Evolution of human being 1.3 Ecology 1.4 Environment 1.5 Types of Environment 1.6 Summary 1.7 Reference 1.8 Questions 1.0 OBJECTIVES 1) To make the students aware of the meaning of environment and its relationship with society.Feb 24, 2022 · Ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. – Ernst Haeckel. Ecology is a branch of biology that include interactions between organisms and their biophysical environment as well as with the members of the same and other species. It includes the relations among all the biotic and abiotic ... Abstract. Fundamentals of Ecology and Environment covers the basic concepts, ideas, major findings and current challenges. As knowledge and best practice in the ecology are constantly changing ...Salt marshes provide a variety of ecosystem services; however, they are vulnerable to human activity, water level fluctuations, and climate change. Analyses of the relationships between plant communities and e... Jaesang Chung, Jae Hyun Kim and Eun Ju Lee. Journal of Ecology and Environment 2021 45 :28. The ISSN (Online) of Journal of Ecology and Environment is 2288-1220 . An ISSN is an 8-digit code used to identify newspapers, journals, magazines and periodicals of all kinds and on all media–print and electronic. Journal of Ecology and Environment Key Factor Analysis The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the images in Figure (s) 1a, 1b and 1c. The participant has consented to the submission of the case report to the journal. Patients signed informed consent regarding publishing their data and photographs.Ecology And Environment. 1. Introduction 2. Climatic and Topographic Factors 3. Edaphic Factors (Soil Science)4. Biotic Factor 5. Ecological Adaptations 6. Autecology of Species 7. Population - Structure and Dynamics 8.The average Ecology and Environment salary ranges from approximately $60,751 per year for an Environmental Specialist to $74,405 per year for an Environmental Engineer. The average Ecology and Environment hourly pay ranges from approximately $31 per hour for an Environmental Scientist to $31 per hour for an Environmental Scientist. Ecology and ...In this review, we present a summary of solutions and challenges for fish eDNA studies and their practical applications in ecology and environment. The development of standard operating procedures, including sampling, laboratory procedures, and bioinformatics, will improve the accuracy of this technology.Environment, the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival. The Earth’s environment is treated in a number of articles. The major components of the physical environment are discussed in the1970: Ecology and Environment (E & E) is incorporated in New York. 1974: E & E lands its first major federal contract to work on Trans-Alaskan pipeline. 1980: Superfund legislation is enacted, providing E & E with a major source of federal contracts. 1987: E & E makes public offering of stock. 1999: E & E diversifies by buying shrimp farm and ... Journal of Ecology and Environment,JEE. [Abstract] Background: The flowering and fruiting periods play an important role in biological processes. The deciduous dipterocarp forest is an important forest type in Thailand, however the phenological studies are still limited, particularly in different plant life forms.Energy, Ecology and Environment (E3) is a cross-discipline forum for investigating the energy production and its impacts on ecosystems and environment, clean energy production, sustainable management of global natural resources, sustainable industrial and agricultural production and emission reduction technologies. The journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences is open access peer reviewed, monthly journal, and publishing scientific information on ecological and environmental aspects. This journal is an authentic information source catering the readers with the latest trends in these important subjects.An ecosystem consists of a community of organisms together with their physical environment. Ecosystems can be of different sizes and can be marine, aquatic, or terrestrial. Broad categories of terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. In ecosystems, both matter and energy are conserved. Energy flows through the system—usually from light to ...20+ Environmental Biology Books for Free! [PDF] The so-called life sciences have gained prominence in recent decades, due to all the environmental problems that have arisen with the development of cities. Our environmental biology books in PDF format, deal precisely with these problems and their solutions from the natural sciences.For human ecology, the most salient aspect of the population–environment relationship is the way it affects human survival and the quality of human life. Under the impact of the interlocking crises of overpopulation, resource depletion, and environmental degradation, issues of sustainability and survival have come to occupy center stage.Apr 11, 2023 · The study of environmental systems and the interactions between plants, animals, and their surroundings is known as environmental ecology. Ecologists apply their knowledge to a variety of environmental issues, from limiting human impact on natural ecosystems to cleaning up waterways. Interactions between organisms and abiotic elements of their ... 5. Environmental Consultant. This ecology career is less about a certain living organism and more about reducing the impact of actions on the environment. You might consult for a company looking to reduce its water pollution, for instance. Companies also hire environmental consultants to address issues related to air quality and waste management.Aug 16, 2021 · Environmental science seeks to protect both human beings and the environment from negative factors such as climate change and pollution, and other things. Ecology. Ecology seeks to understand how ecosystems develop, how humans can have a negative impact on those ecosystems. Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms ... Ecology (from Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos) 'house', and -λογία ( -logía) 'study of') [A] is the study of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere level.Salt marshes provide a variety of ecosystem services; however, they are vulnerable to human activity, water level fluctuations, and climate change. Analyses of the relationships between plant communities and e... Jaesang Chung, Jae Hyun Kim and Eun Ju Lee. Journal of Ecology and Environment 2021 45 :28. Environment and Ecology– 2021. Quiz: Daily Quiz: 14 Apr, 2021. Click on ‘Start Test’ button to start the Quiz. All the Best!) ...Jul 21, 2023 · Type : Product manager. Posted: July 21, 2023. Location (s) : Beijing, China; Suzhou, China. Research Area (s) : Artificial intelligence, Ecology and environment. Microsoft Weather is ranked as the most accurate weather forecast. We aim to empower individuals to stay prepared, healthy, and safe with the most accurate forecast powered by AI. Aug 14, 2012 · Ecology and Evolution. Ecology and Evolution is a broad open access journal welcoming all research in ecology, evolution, and conservation science. We are an author-friendly journal, providing a forum for evidence-based views. This means we aim to review all submissions, and look for reasons to publish, not reject. NATURE, ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT Concept 1.0 Objective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Evolution of human being 1.3 Ecology 1.4 Environment 1.5 Types of Environment 1.6 Summary 1.7 Reference 1.8 Questions 1.0 OBJECTIVES 1) To make the students aware of the meaning of environment and its relationship with society.Ecology and environment news. Research on biodiversity reduction and ecosystems. Read news articles on coral bleaching, deforestation and wetland ecology.Ecology is the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them. An ecologist studies the relationship between living things and their habitats. In order to learn about the natural world, ecologists must study multiple aspects of life ranging from the moss that grows on rocks to the wolf population in the United States' Yellowstone National Park.Environment and Ecology. Environment and ecology is grounded in the complexity of the world we live in and its sustainability. It examines the world's natural processes and social systems. Environment and ecology places emphasis on the real world. Through a sound academic content base, students learn how their everyday lives revolve around ... Ecology refers to the scientific study of the interactions due to which the determination of the distribution of organisms in our natural environment takes place. We can say that there is a close relationship between ecology and the environment. Ecology depends on four bio-organisational levels – ecosystem, community, population, and organismal.ecology, also called bioecology, bionomics, or environmental biology, study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Some of the most pressing problems in human affairs—expanding populations, food scarcities, environmental pollution including global warming, extinctions of plant and animal species, and all the attendant ...Energy, Ecology and Environment publishes original research contributions in the arena of Ecology and the Environment and Renewable Energy. The journal is intended for professors, practitioners and researchers who keen on such areas of scientific research. Energy, Ecology and Environment showcases high-quality, original articles where all ...In this video we look at a few keys words that you will come across throughout ecology. An ecosystem is made up of all of the communities that live in it, ev...Unit: 9Ecology and EnvironmentLiving in a Red wood Tree Notes PDF. A. The words/phrases in the box are from the text. Check their meanings in a dictionary and use these words to complete the given sentences. a. Logging is one of the main reasons behind the rapid deforestation in the world. b.That's one example of how the pandemic should be a ...

Environmental science seeks to protect both human beings and the environment from negative factors such as climate change and pollution, and other things. Ecology. Ecology seeks to understand how ecosystems develop, how humans can have a negative impact on those ecosystems. Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms .... T.a.t.u. all the things she said

ecology and environment

Jul 7, 2021 · 5. Environmental Consultant. This ecology career is less about a certain living organism and more about reducing the impact of actions on the environment. You might consult for a company looking to reduce its water pollution, for instance. Companies also hire environmental consultants to address issues related to air quality and waste management. The objectives of the course is to introduce and sensitize all BTech students to the issue of ecology, environment and sustainability. The lectures are aimed at posing various questions that are relevant for all students of engineering and management to incorporate sustainability and a sensitivity to ecology and environment in their design of products, processes and systems.Only 28 percent of the Earth’s surface belongs to terrestrial ecosystems. Forest ecosystem A forest is a complex ecosystem which is predominantly composed of trees and shrubs. It is defined as ‘a land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent’ (UN FAO).Company Description: Every day is Earth Day at environmental consulting and testing company Ecology and Environment (E &amp; E). The company, which has completed more than 50,000 projects in some 120 countries, provides engineering, permitting, and environmental support for all types of energy development, including offshore energy, power plants, pipelines, and renewables. Type : Product manager. Posted: July 21, 2023. Location (s) : Beijing, China; Suzhou, China. Research Area (s) : Artificial intelligence, Ecology and environment. Microsoft Weather is ranked as the most accurate weather forecast. We aim to empower individuals to stay prepared, healthy, and safe with the most accurate forecast powered by AI.Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment. The distribution and abundance of organisms on Earth is shaped by both biotic, living-organism-related, and abiotic, nonliving or physical, factors. Ecology is studied at many levels, including organism, population, community, ecosystem, and ... The Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment, New Delhi was established on the occasion of the World Environment Day on 5th June 1980. The motivation for the establishment of this institution has been based on the issues of environmental education discussed in the deliberations at Founes in 1971 and later at Stockholm in 1972 followed by the ...The ISSN (Online) of Journal of Ecology and Environment is 2288-1220 . An ISSN is an 8-digit code used to identify newspapers, journals, magazines and periodicals of all kinds and on all media–print and electronic. Journal of Ecology and Environment Key Factor AnalysisEcology and evolutionary biology (EBIO) is the study of how organisms interact with and are formed by their environment. Students explore how organisms live and how they are constrained by evolutionary histories. Our graduates are well positioned to pursue careers in science education, wildlife biology, conservation biology, resource management ... Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. Editor-in-Chief: Richard L. Wallace JOURNAL METRICS > Online ISSN: 1540-9309. Navigation Bar Menu Home. Home; About. Ecology and Environment, Inc. | 15,874 followers on LinkedIn. E&E is now WSP USA. Please follow us at WSP USA2. Fundamentals of Ecology by E P Odum. 3. Ecology by Mohan P Arora. 4. Fundamentals of Ecology by M C Dash.3 pages View PDF. environment/ecosystem is disturbed and a great number of environment and ... Sharma, P.D., 1997, Ecology and Environment, Rastogi Publications, Meerut.319 pages View PDF. Population Growth. Ecology is the study of the interaction of organisms in an area with the surrounding environment. This interaction constitutes an overall adaptation of the organisms to their environment which also includes the continuity of species. However, the availability of organisms in an area is dependent on the type of environment. ecology, also called bioecology, bionomics, or environmental biology, study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Some of the most pressing problems in human affairs—expanding populations, food scarcities, environmental pollution including global warming, extinctions of plant and animal species, and all the attendant ...Energy, Ecology and Environment publishes original research contributions in the arena of Ecology and the Environment and Renewable Energy. The journal is intended for professors, practitioners and researchers who keen on such areas of scientific research. Energy, Ecology and Environment showcases high-quality, original articles where all ... .

Popular Topics