Forensic mental health is the interface between mental disorder and the courts and embraces a wide range of risk and clinical need assessments related to medical, psychological and social therapies. This chapter describes the nature and purposes of forensic mental health assessments in different settings (community, prison, hospital) and at ...Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST, Miller, 2001), in a sample of 209 (83.7% male) trauma-exposed veterans (57.9% probable current posttraumatic stress disorder; PTSD). M-FAST total scores evidenced acceptable internal consistency, but several subscales showed poor internal consistency. Factor analytic and item-response theoryAbstract. This two-part special issue of the International Journal of Forensic Mental Health is dedicated to the practice of forensic clinical interviewing, that is, the nature and application of ...Formal Forensic violence or sex offending risk assessments can help to identify violence or sexual offending risk factors and recidivism rates or likelihood to offend or reoffend. While assessments can vary from individual to individual, most times they include testing, interviews, observation, and consultation with one of Insight’s trained ... In our article, we outline standard methods for the assessment of psychopathy, its association with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and its implications for clinical and forensic issues ...ABSTRACT. In forensic mental health care, a risk management plan forms the transition between the assessment and the treatment phase. Research and practice have shown that clinicians often experience difficulties in the transition from assessment to risk management.Jul 1, 2016 · PDF | On Jul 1, 2016, Christopher M. King published Forensic assessment II: Conducting the evaluation | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate need further forensic review or assessment. 7. Additionally, financial forensics may be used as an integral part of the Investigative Office’s fraud deterrence efforts or mandate to detect fraud or other prohibited practices in high integrity-risk situations. They may also be used to quantify the economic losses or impactJun 4, 2018 · Problems with forensic reports can be identified via two types of empirical studies: either from surveys and feedback from legal professionals on the quality of reports, or by evaluations of the extent to which reports comply with certain principles of appropriate forensic mental health assessment (Goodman-Delahunty & Dhami, 2013). Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST): Developed as a screening instrument designed to identify malingered psychopathology. It is a 25-item structured interview that can be administered in approximately 5 minutes. The M-FAST consists of items rationally derived from the literature onThe forensic interviews conducted with alleged victims of child maltreatment are often essential to the investigation because, particularly in sexual abuse cases, the alleged victim and alleged perpetrator may be the only people who know what really happened.Apr 13, 2021 · This study analyzes the questions on aspects of child custody, visitation rights, or child endangerment that judges pose to forensic psychologists in family law proceedings. Before conducting a psychological evaluation, the legal question in the referral has to be translated into case-specific, forensically relevant issues. The only overarching principle guiding this process is the “best ... The Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST) is a screening instrument created to assess for potential malingering. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the extent to which the M-FAST total score can differentiate overreporters from comparison groups. Research reports were located through searching ... Request PDF | Forensic psychological assessment versus clinical assessment: Proposals and challenges for the future | The main aims of this theoretical study were to review and identify some ...Jun 4, 2018 · Problems with forensic reports can be identified via two types of empirical studies: either from surveys and feedback from legal professionals on the quality of reports, or by evaluations of the extent to which reports comply with certain principles of appropriate forensic mental health assessment (Goodman-Delahunty & Dhami, 2013). Forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) is a form of evaluation performed by a mental health professional to provide relevant clinical and scientific data to a legal decision maker or the ...May 22, 2020 · broadly, it aims to help forensic scientists enhance their vision of ways forensic science might develop in the future and thereby facilitate continuing incremental improvements in forensic science standards and practice. This document is an OSAC Technical Series Publication2 rather than a standard or guideline. It The Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST) is a screening measure for the detection of feigned, or malingered, mental illness. The M-FAST may be used in psychological evaluations of an adult who might be attempting to fake a psychiatric disorder. Because of the reported prevalence of malingering and difficulty of accurate ... Gold standard forensic assessment conducted using all available information (file + interview) 20 items rated on 3-point scale Absent = 0; Possible/partial = 1; Present = 2 Glibness/superficial charm 0 1 2 Grandiose sense of self-worth 0 1 2 Lack of remorse or guilt 0 1 2 The specialization of forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) has incorporated important advances during the last two decades. As scientific advances, specialized tools, and relevant ethical guidelines have become core elements of FMHA, however , the question of how to regulate poor practice has assumed increasing importance.20% Discount with this flyer until December 31, 2015 Forensic Psychological Assessment in Practice Case Studies Corine de Ruiter and Nancy Kaser-Boyd, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Series: International Perspectives on Forensic Mental Health Forensic Psychological Assessment in Practice: Case Studies presents a set of forensic criminal cases ... Forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) is a form of evaluation performed by a mental health professional to provide relevant clinical and scientific data to a legal decision maker or the ...The Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST) is a screening instrument created to assess for potential malingering. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the extent to which the M-FAST total score can differentiate overreporters from comparison groups. Research reports were located through searching ...of the Forensic Assessment Interview Technique (FAINT), a validated and highly effective criminal investigation tool. The article also provides a step-by-step implementation guide and a sample internal control questionnaire that incorporates the use of FAINT. Interview or Interrogation? The distinction between an interview and an interrogationMay 29, 2013 · Background Malingering is prevalent in PTSD, especially in delayed-onset PTSD. Despite the attempts to detect it, indicators, tools and methods to accurately detect malingering need extensive scientific and clinical research. Therefore, this study was designed to validate a tool that can detect malingering of war-related PTSD by Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST). Methods In ... This textbook is designed for graduate students learning forensic assessment and psychologists coming to forensic practice later in their careers. It is organized around five broad areas: Professional and Practice Issues, Adult Forensic Assessment, Juvenile Forensic Assessment, Civil Forensic Assessment, and Communicating Your Findings. Forensic assessment is one of the basic building blocks that form the foundation of the practice of psychiatryandthelaw,inadditiontoreport-writing and giving testimony in court. Similar to any foun- dation, the integrity of the process depends on how well each brick is laid upon the other. The whole process is easy and quick. Check below to find out. go to the free PDF Editor page. Drag or drop a document you want to edit by clicking Choose File or simply dragging or dropping. Conduct the desired edits on your document with the toolbar on the top of the dashboard. Download the file once it is finalized . This study analyzes the questions on aspects of child custody, visitation rights, or child endangerment that judges pose to forensic psychologists in family law proceedings. Before conducting a psychological evaluation, the legal question in the referral has to be translated into case-specific, forensically relevant issues. The only overarching principle guiding this process is the “best ...The Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST) is a screening instrument created to assess for potential malingering. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the ...The M-FAST is a brief 25-item screening interview for individuals ages 18 years and older that provides preliminary information regarding the probability that an individual is feigning psychiatric illness. Most malingering and symptom validity instruments assess malingered cognitive and/or neuropsychological deficits. The Forensic Psychologist’s Casebook explores the complexities surrounding offender profiling and police investigations. The book contains 16 chapters divided into two parts, with Chapters 1–8 dealing with the context of criminal investigations and Chapters 9–16 providing practical advice to investigators.Dec 1, 2009 · In our article, we outline standard methods for the assessment of psychopathy, its association with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and its implications for clinical and forensic issues ... broadly, it aims to help forensic scientists enhance their vision of ways forensic science might develop in the future and thereby facilitate continuing incremental improvements in forensic science standards and practice. This document is an OSAC Technical Series Publication2 rather than a standard or guideline. ItRequest PDF | Forensic psychological assessment versus clinical assessment: Proposals and challenges for the future | The main aims of this theoretical study were to review and identify some ...The specialization of forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) has incorporated important advances during the last two decades. As scientific advances, specialized tools, and relevant ethical guidelines have become core elements of FMHA, however , the question of how to regulate poor practice has assumed increasing importance.the differences between forensic assessment and therapeutic assessment: Standard Psychological Tests Used in Forensic Assessment A wide variety of assessment instruments and procedures are used in forensic assessments. These may include three major categories: Forensic Assessment Instruments (FAIs), Forensically Relevant In-ABSTRACT. In forensic mental health care, a risk management plan forms the transition between the assessment and the treatment phase. Research and practice have shown that clinicians often experience difficulties in the transition from assessment to risk management.Gold standard forensic assessment conducted using all available information (file + interview) 20 items rated on 3-point scale Absent = 0; Possible/partial = 1; Present = 2 Glibness/superficial charm 0 1 2 Grandiose sense of self-worth 0 1 2 Lack of remorse or guilt 0 1 2 Jan 2, 2018 · To evaluate the practical utility and face validity of a new risk assessment guideline, the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START), within a forensic mental health service. Staff attended training and subsequently used the START to assess and formulate risk. partner and a forensic peer specialist. Criminal justice partners . typically come from local law enforcement, pretrial services, or probation and parole agencies. FACT teams maintain close coordination with their criminal justice partners and may involve them in case decision-making. Forensic peer specialists . are This chapter provides an overview of forensic mental health assessments in criminal, civil, and juvenile and family court settings. We begin with a general discussion of the nature and method of forensic assessment, highlighting the various data sources on which a forensic assessment is based and the hypothesis testing nature of the evaluation process.In some cases, however, the application of a risk assessment tool will benefit the assessed individual. There are at least three ways in which it could confer such a benefit. First, the risk assessment may be used to identify beneficial treatments. Second, the use of a risk assessment tool may facilitate an earlier release or discharge.Formal Forensic violence or sex offending risk assessments can help to identify violence or sexual offending risk factors and recidivism rates or likelihood to offend or reoffend. While assessments can vary from individual to individual, most times they include testing, interviews, observation, and consultation with one of Insight’s trained ...The whole process is easy and quick. Check below to find out. go to the free PDF Editor page. Drag or drop a document you want to edit by clicking Choose File or simply dragging or dropping. Conduct the desired edits on your document with the toolbar on the top of the dashboard. Download the file once it is finalized .Substance abuse and crime: considerations for a comprehensive forensic assessment. 2016 Mar 2;28 (1):48-56. doi: 10.20882/adicciones.790. Juzgados de Plaza de Castilla de Madrid. There is a strong link between drug use and crime, but this relationship is complex. Drug use does not necessarily lead to an increase in crimes, such as theft, rape ...referred to as violence risk assessment, threat assessment, assessment of risk of harm or, in the field of forensic clinical practice, risk assessment and management. In this article we discuss this process of assessing and managing risk of harm to others in more detail and particularly as it is applied in forensic mental health settings.3. Quality Improvement in Forensic Practice. Several studies and articles have assessed the quality of forensic psychology and psychiatry practice. 10, –, 16 A review of the literature concluded that the level of practice falls short of professional aspirations for the field, although there have been incremental improvements during the 1990s. 12 No studies to date have observed forensic ...In some cases, however, the application of a risk assessment tool will benefit the assessed individual. There are at least three ways in which it could confer such a benefit. First, the risk assessment may be used to identify beneficial treatments. Second, the use of a risk assessment tool may facilitate an earlier release or discharge.The Miller-Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST) was developed to provide clinicians with a reliable and valid screen for malingered mental illness. Previous studies have demonstrated the development and initial validation of the M-FAST.Assessment Tools in Forensic Settings! Forensic Assessment Tools for Competency, Malingering and Neuropsychological Screening Presentation for Legal Competency and Restoration Training for Mental Health Experts Paul Simpson, Ed.D., [email protected], February 23, 2012 I. “Why bother with testing?” 1) The tectonic shift of Daubert & Rule ...Aug 23, 2020 · January 2005 · The American journal of forensic psychiatry. J. Barbera. L. Tanser. C.M. Shapiro. This article presents a forensic case seen in the context of a sleep clinic. The patient/defendant ... Apr 4, 2020 · This study examined the psychometric properties of a widely used measure of symptom exaggeration, the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST, Miller, 2001), in a sample of 209 (83.7% male) trauma-exposed veterans (57.9% probable current posttraumatic stress disorder; PTSD). the differences between forensic assessment and therapeutic assessment: Standard Psychological Tests Used in Forensic Assessment A wide variety of assessment instruments and procedures are used in forensic assessments. These may include three major categories: Forensic Assessment Instruments (FAIs), Forensically Relevant In- the forensic disciplines, declaring that “Little rigorous systematic research has been done to validate the basic premises and techniques in a number of forensic science disciplines.” and “…a statistical framework that allows quantitation … is greatly needed.” p.189. the differences between forensic assessment and therapeutic assessment: Standard Psychological Tests Used in Forensic Assessment A wide variety of assessment instruments and procedures are used in forensic assessments. These may include three major categories: Forensic Assessment Instruments (FAIs), Forensically Relevant In-of the Forensic Assessment Interview Technique (FAINT), a validated and highly effective criminal investigation tool. The article also provides a step-by-step implementation guide and a sample internal control questionnaire that incorporates the use of FAINT. Interview or Interrogation? The distinction between an interview and an interrogation Miller Forensic Assessment of Children (MFAC) is a comprehensive assessment process designed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the child's mental health and functioning. It is used to assess the child's current functioning, identify the child's needs, and to help develop an appropriate treatment plan.Jan 1, 2022 · Forensic assessment instruments must become increasingly sophisticated and must account for differences in measurement risk assessment by gender, age, culture, ability, and sexual orientation. Evaluation of female risk for violence, dangerousness, sexual offending, and recidivism remains relatively uncharted. Dr. Zapf is the author of Best Practices in Forensic Mental Health Assessment: Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial; editor of Forensic Assessments in Criminal and Civil Law: A Handbook for Lawyers; and associate editor of the Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law. She served on the National Judicial College's Mental Competency: Best Practices ...Patients with Axis I disorders often fluctuate markedly in their clinical presentations in forensic and other professional settings. Although such fluctuations could suggest ineffectual efforts at malingering, more likely explanations include confusion or poor insight into psychopathology, imprecision in the assessment methods, or actual changes in symptomatology. An important concern is ... Time: 5–10 minutes; 5 minutes to score. Qualification level: S. DETAILS. RESOURCES. PRICING. The M-FAST is a 25-item screening interview for adults that helps assess the likelihood that an individual is feigning psychiatric illness.The Forensic Psychologist’s Casebook explores the complexities surrounding offender profiling and police investigations. The book contains 16 chapters divided into two parts, with Chapters 1–8 dealing with the context of criminal investigations and Chapters 9–16 providing practical advice to investigators.Psychopathy: Assessment and Forensic Implications Robert D Hare, PhD1; Craig S Neumann, PhD2 Key Words: psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, assessment, violence risk, treatment Psychopathy was the first personality disorder to be recognized in psychiatry. The concept has a long historical and clinical tradition, and in the last decadetermine how to proceed in a forensic evaluation. Although treating clinicians may find this Guide-line useful, it is directed toward psychiatrists and other clinicians who work in a forensic role in con-ducting evaluations and providing opinions related to psychiatric disability. It is expected that any clini-Nov 27, 2018 · Anatomy of a Forensic Report. Since the 1980s, the forensic psychology report, as used to evaluate competence to stand trial and offer other clinical assessments for legal purposes, has become increasingly structured in its organization and content. This has been described as its “anatomy.”. Experts have set out guidelines and developed ... Jan 1, 2011 · Request PDF | Forensic psychological assessment versus clinical assessment: Proposals and challenges for the future | The main aims of this theoretical study were to review and identify some ... Risk assessment and management: forensic methods, human results† John Baird & Ruth Stocks SummaRy Risk assessment and management is an integral part of modern clinical practice. In this article we discuss best practice in the assessment and management of risk of harm to others. Unstruc tured clinical judgement methods have been 2.01 Scope of Competence. When determining one’s competence to provide services in a particular matter, forensic practitioners may consider a variety of factors including the relative complexity and specialized nature of the service, relevant training and experience, the preparation and study they are able to devote to the matter, and the opportunity for consultation with a professional of ... About this book. The first handbook to explore forensic assessment from psychiatric and psychological perspectives. "The editors have assembled a magnificent collaboration between psychiatrists and psychologists to bring forth critical knowledge and insight to the core competency of forensic assessment. This handbook is essential reading and a ...Forensic assessment is one of the basic building blocks that form the foundation of the practice of psychiatryandthelaw,inadditiontoreport-writing and giving testimony in court. Similar to any foun- dation, the integrity of the process depends on how well each brick is laid upon the other. Guideline: The Forensic Assessment S7 180 It is also recognized that policies and procedures will change with the 181 passage of time and from one setting to another. 182 The writing of forensic psychiatric reports is beyond the scope of this 183 guideline. Report-writing is a vast topic in itself, and the reader isJul 18, 2011 · The first handbook to explore forensic assessment from psychiatric and psychological perspectives. "The editors have assembled a magnificent collaboration between psychiatrists and psychologists to bring forth critical knowledge and insight to the core competency of forensic assessment. This handbook is essential reading and a …. termine how to proceed in a forensic evaluation. Although treating clinicians may find this Guide-line useful, it is directed toward psychiatrists and other clinicians who work in a forensic role in con-ducting evaluations and providing opinions related to psychiatric disability. It is expected that any clini-acceptable current ways of performing these forensic evaluations, and following this Guideline does not lead to a guaranteed outcome. Differing fact pat-terns, clinical factors, relevant statutes, administra-tive and case law, and the psychiatrist’s judgment determine how to proceed in any individual forensic evaluation. Forensic Report 12.1.07. 2013. 5. Personality Assessment Instrument (PAI) was used to determine that Salinger most likely minimized her symptoms at the time in order to portray a more positive and desirable portrait of herself. 6. Historical Clinical Risk-20 (HCR-20) Instant Offense Several days before the incident, Salinger was suffering insomnia. Diego Rosas Wellmann. Forensic risk assessment refers to the attempt to predict the likelihood of future offending in order to identify individuals in need of intervention. Risk assessment protocols have been implemented in mental health and criminal justice settings around the globe to prioritize risk reduction strategies for those most at need. Jan 1, 2022 · Forensic assessment instruments must become increasingly sophisticated and must account for differences in measurement risk assessment by gender, age, culture, ability, and sexual orientation. Evaluation of female risk for violence, dangerousness, sexual offending, and recidivism remains relatively uncharted. Abstract. Violence risk assessment tools are increasingly used within criminal justice and forensic psychiatry, however there is little relevant, reliable and unbiased data regarding their predictive accuracy. We argue that such data are needed to (i) prevent excessive reliance on risk assessment scores, (ii) allow matching of different risk ...Dec 1, 2009 · In our article, we outline standard methods for the assessment of psychopathy, its association with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and its implications for clinical and forensic issues ... Dr. Zapf is the author of Best Practices in Forensic Mental Health Assessment: Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial; editor of Forensic Assessments in Criminal and Civil Law: A Handbook for Lawyers; and associate editor of the Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law. She served on the National Judicial College's Mental Competency: Best Practices ...the various forensic interview models. In some cases, the veracity of the child’s statement or the performance of the forensic interviewer has been questioned solely on the basis of the model being used. However, forensic interviewers often receive training in multiple models and use a blended approach to best meet the needs of thepartner and a forensic peer specialist. Criminal justice partners . typically come from local law enforcement, pretrial services, or probation and parole agencies. FACT teams maintain close coordination with their criminal justice partners and may involve them in case decision-making. Forensic peer specialists . areForensic mental health is the interface between mental disorder and the courts and embraces a wide range of risk and clinical need assessments related to medical, psychological and social therapies. This chapter describes the nature and purposes of forensic mental health assessments in different settings (community, prison, hospital) and at ...A recent Australian study that examined whether reports involving risk assessments conformed to best forensic practice found that some experts applied unreliable methods of risk assessment and incorrectly reported the results of risk assessment tools (Doyle, Ogloff, & Thomas, 2011). The failure to use and interpret the appropriate psychometric ...The context in which self-report instruments are used is an important consideration, particularly in forensic evaluations. In this book we provide a review and pertinent research back- ground for the application of the MMPI–2 in seven general forensic settings in which it is frequently used. Mar 2, 2016 · Substance abuse and crime: considerations for a comprehensive forensic assessment “Insuperable fear”, in the legal-criminal sense, entails the well-founded fear of serious, imminent harm, clouding Time: 5–10 minutes; 5 minutes to score. Qualification level: S. DETAILS. RESOURCES. PRICING. The M-FAST is a 25-item screening interview for adults that helps assess the likelihood that an individual is feigning psychiatric illness.
Risk assessment and management: forensic methods, human results† John Baird & Ruth Stocks SummaRy Risk assessment and management is an integral part of modern clinical practice. In this article we discuss best practice in the assessment and management of risk of harm to others. Unstruc tured clinical judgement methods have been . United states army personalized classic cap 27
A trusted reference in the field of psychology, offering more than 25,000 clear and authoritative entries.broadly, it aims to help forensic scientists enhance their vision of ways forensic science might develop in the future and thereby facilitate continuing incremental improvements in forensic science standards and practice. This document is an OSAC Technical Series Publication2 rather than a standard or guideline. Itpartner and a forensic peer specialist. Criminal justice partners . typically come from local law enforcement, pretrial services, or probation and parole agencies. FACT teams maintain close coordination with their criminal justice partners and may involve them in case decision-making. Forensic peer specialists . are Time: 5–10 minutes; 5 minutes to score. Qualification level: S. DETAILS. RESOURCES. PRICING. The M-FAST is a 25-item screening interview for adults that helps assess the likelihood that an individual is feigning psychiatric illness. Forensic assessment is a part of the broader category of psychological assessment. The purpose of forensic assessment is distinct from that of traditional therapeutic assessment, and as such forensic evaluators have different training and practice guidelines. The settings in which forensic evaluations occur are vast, including law enforcement, correctional, and civil and criminal court ...Jul 18, 2011 · The first handbook to explore forensic assessment from psychiatric and psychological perspectives. "The editors have assembled a magnificent collaboration between psychiatrists and psychologists to bring forth critical knowledge and insight to the core competency of forensic assessment. This handbook is essential reading and a …. Jun 4, 2018 · Problems with forensic reports can be identified via two types of empirical studies: either from surveys and feedback from legal professionals on the quality of reports, or by evaluations of the extent to which reports comply with certain principles of appropriate forensic mental health assessment (Goodman-Delahunty & Dhami, 2013). Forensic assessment is a part of the broader category of psychological assessment. The purpose of forensic assessment is distinct from that of traditional therapeutic assessment, and as such forensic evaluators have different training and practice guidelines. The settings in which forensic evaluations occur are vast, including law enforcement, correctional, and civil and criminal court ...The influence of demographic, ethnic, and cultural variables on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI–2) has been a source of extensive inquiry and research because these factors may modify the way in which psychopathology will be manifested or is interpreted by the examiner. These factors are particularly relevant in ... The Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) is a fully structured interview that is designed to assess feigned mental disorders and related response styles. Each of its eight primary scales was constructed to evaluate well-established detection strategies for differentiating between malingered and genuine psychopathology.Quality Improvement in Forensic Practice Several studies and articles have assessed the qual-ity of forensic psychology and psychiatry prac-tice. 10–16 A review of the literature concluded that the level of practice falls short of professional aspira-tions for the field, although there have been incre-mental improvements during the 1990s. 12 ... Substance abuse and crime: considerations for a comprehensive forensic assessment “Insuperable fear”, in the legal-criminal sense, entails the well-founded fear of serious, imminent harm, cloudingGold standard forensic assessment conducted using all available information (file + interview) 20 items rated on 3-point scale Absent = 0; Possible/partial = 1; Present = 2 Glibness/superficial charm 0 1 2 Grandiose sense of self-worth 0 1 2 Lack of remorse or guilt 0 1 2The Forensic Psychologist’s Casebook explores the complexities surrounding offender profiling and police investigations. The book contains 16 chapters divided into two parts, with Chapters 1–8 dealing with the context of criminal investigations and Chapters 9–16 providing practical advice to investigators.PDF | On Jul 1, 2016, Christopher M. King published Forensic assessment II: Conducting the evaluation | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate.